<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
  <script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery.min.js"></script>
  <script src="script.js"></script>
</head>

<body>
  <!-- Generated from http://www.csgnetwork.com/simplehtmltablegen.html -->
  <table>
    <thead>
      <tr>
        <th>[Header for Column 1]</th>
        <th>[Header for Column 2]</th>
        <th>[Header for Column 3]</th>
        <th>[Header for Column 4]</th>
        <th>[Header for Column 5]</th>
      </tr>
    </thead>
    <tr>
      <td>[Row 1, Column 1]</td>
      <td>[Row 1, Column 2]</td>
      <td>[Row 1, Column 3]</td>
      <td>[Row 1, Column 4]</td>
      <td>[Row 1, Column 5]</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>[Row 2, Column 1]</td>
      <td>[Row 2, Column 2]</td>
      <td>[Row 2, Column 3]</td>
      <td>[Row 2, Column 4]</td>
      <td>[Row 2, Column 5]</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>[Row 3, Column 1]</td>
      <td>[Row 3, Column 2]</td>
      <td>[Row 3, Column 3]</td>
      <td>[Row 3, Column 4]</td>
      <td>[Row 3, Column 5]</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>[Row 4, Column 1]</td>
      <td>[Row 4, Column 2]</td>
      <td>[Row 4, Column 3]</td>
      <td>[Row 4, Column 4]</td>
      <td>[Row 4, Column 5]</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>[Row 5, Column 1]</td>
      <td>[Row 5, Column 2]</td>
      <td>[Row 5, Column 3]</td>
      <td>[Row 5, Column 4]</td>
      <td>[Row 5, Column 5]</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>[Row 6, Column 1]</td>
      <td>[Row 6, Column 2]</td>
      <td>[Row 6, Column 3]</td>
      <td>[Row 6, Column 4]</td>
      <td>[Row 6, Column 5]</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>[Row 7, Column 1]</td>
      <td>[Row 7, Column 2]</td>
      <td>[Row 7, Column 3]</td>
      <td>[Row 7, Column 4]</td>
      <td>[Row 7, Column 5]</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>[Row 8, Column 1]</td>
      <td>[Row 8, Column 2]</td>
      <td>[Row 8, Column 3]</td>
      <td>[Row 8, Column 4]</td>
      <td>[Row 8, Column 5]</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>[Row 9, Column 1]</td>
      <td>[Row 9, Column 2]</td>
      <td>[Row 9, Column 3]</td>
      <td>[Row 9, Column 4]</td>
      <td>[Row 9, Column 5]</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>[Row 10, Column 1]</td>
      <td>[Row 10, Column 2]</td>
      <td>[Row 10, Column 3]</td>
      <td>[Row 10, Column 4]</td>
      <td>[Row 10, Column 5]</td>
    </tr>
  </table>
</body>

</html>
// Code goes here

$(init);

function init() {
  $('td').on('click', getHeader );
}

var getHeader = function(){
  $td = $(this);
  $th = $td.closest('table').find('th').eq($td.index());
  
  var thText = $th.text();
  
  console.log('Column ' , $td);
  console.log('Row ' , $td.parent());
  console.log('Th ' , $th);
}

/* Styles go here */

How to know the td, tr, and th of a  selected column of a html table